The brachial plexus is a network of nerves branching off the cervical nerve roots exiting the neck and extending through the shoulder region. These nerves are responsible for the muscular function and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand.
In contact sports, such as football, these nerves can be damaged as the head is pushed forcibly to one side while the shoulder is depressed on the other (“stretch” or “traction” injury). In athletics, these injuries are often called a “stinger” due to the burning sensation that results. These injuries can also occur in motor vehicle accidents or falls. The minor cases are very transient and can resolve within minutes, however, severe or even permanent damage is possible with more significant or repeat injuries.
Frequent Signs and Symptoms
- Pain and discomfort (burning or dull ache) that runs from the neck down into the chest, back, or shoulder and possibly down the arm into the hands
- Numbness or tingling in the arm and/or hand
- Heaviness or fatigue of the arm
- Loss of strength in the shoulder
- Difficulty raising the arm above shoulder level
Etiology (Causes)
- Direct blow to the neck or shoulder
- Fall onto shoulder with the head and neck stretched away from the shoulder (traction injury)
Other neuropathies - High-energy motor vehicle accidents
- Compression from tumors or other pathology
- Tackling in American football or rugby
Risk Factors
- Contact or motor vehicle sports
- Surgery around the neck
Poor physical conditioning (strength and flexibility) - Previous brachial plexus injury and repeat injuries